We’ve talked quite a lot recently about remembrancing and ways we can do that, either through restoration of lost customs, plagiarising others’ customs, or innovation. As we discussed ways of commemorating our antecedents, Jonathan urged us to mind, also, our descendants.
Today we reproduce in their entirety, because they’re so interesting, the reflections of a Korean woman, Kim Ji-myung, on the ancestral rituals she was brought up to observe. It’s quite long, but you’ll take this at a happy canter.
During Korea’s Joseon Kingdom (1392-1910), women of decent families would spend most of their adult lives in the service of others ― entertaining guests and overseeing ancestral rituals called “jesa.” These two vocations were a housewife’s most visible roles, on top of cooking and caring for one’s husband and children.
Even in modern Korea, these expectations stubbornly persist. This is especially true for us wives of first-born sons. To be honest, I’ve always felt some resentment for spending so many hours in late December and early January preparing for the New Year ancestral rituals. After all, the end of one year and the beginning of the next is a special time. Nevertheless, family tradition holds and I’ve long tempered my personal misgivings.
While the specific rituals depend on family tradition, most Koreans observe the same Confucian fundamentals. I think my reluctance is grounded in the fact that I don’t believe the old lore that on special holidays the spirits of our deceased ancestors descend to Earth to taste real food and wine.
Let’s face it, there’s something peculiar about leaving a room and observing a moment of silence so the deceased can eat in peace. Oh, and don’t forget to leave the house gate ajar so the spirits can enter! Taken literally, it’s almost funny to imagine the Korean Peninsula on the New Year and Chuseok (Korean Thanksgiving) holidays, where the starving spirits from other cultures may crowd the skies to find some food.
Despite my heavy dose of skepticism, I’ve always played my role as a respectful daughter-in-law. After all, traditions aren’t meant to be explained or to be agreed upon. As I’ve been told, subsequent generations should simply follow what’s been handed down. Of course, this is made more difficult in an era of boundless information and interconnectivity. Today, the entire globe is watching and learning from each other thanks to the Internet.
“The cultures that you think are the most stiff and buttoned-up, like Japan, China and Korea, are the cultures that openly sob,” said Lisa Takeuchi Cullen, the author of “Remember Me: A Lively Tour of the New American Way of Death.” In her book, Cullen describes a scene at her Japanese grandfather’s funeral. As they prepare to close the casket, all of her extended relatives surround it and begin to wail.
Reading her account, I was reminded of a similar scene during the recent funeral of the North Korean dictator Kim Jong-il. Watching those people cry, shout and wail so wildly, I wondered about their emotional or rational reasons for doing so.
When my grandmother passed away in a village in the 1970s, I witnessed what was probably the last generation to observe the full traditional funeral rites of a prominent local family. Over several days, as guests arrived from distances near and far, every aspect of the elaborate ceremony was meticulously overseen by professionals ― white mourning garment makers, wailers, caterers, receptionists, ritual conductors and, of course, the coroners.
I still recall the sad melody of the dirge sung by the master of the pallbearers who led the bier from the village up a hill to the burial site. Hundreds of family members in white, friends and guests followed him. Along the way, the procession stopped at several points to conduct brief roadway rituals, where a table of food was offered to commemorate places of significance for the deceased.
As a young child, I was overwhelmed by the sad and grave spectacle. I was also shocked when my uncle, as master of ceremonies, coolly ordered everyone at one very emotional moment to cease crying. Who was this dispassionate outsider? Was the entire ceremony just a show?
Although elaborate funerary ceremonies of this scale are seldom practiced anymore in Korea, many conservative families faithfully observe ancestral rituals on important holidays and dates marking the deaths of family members. Indeed, many Koreans consider such activities to be their most important and meaningful duty as human beings.
That said times are certainly changing. I remember reading a funny news story about families who pay their respects at a ski resort condominium. This way, they could enjoy the New Year holiday while fulfilling their family duty. Conveniently, all of the traditional ceremonial foods were readily available at the resort supermarket. Stories like this make me wonder if in the future, observing ancient rites will be completely turned over to for-hire ritualists.
Given all this, perhaps I shouldn’t have been surprised when my son, at age nine, declared that he will not prepare food for his dead ancestors after his father and I die. He offered no explanation, and we dared not criticize him for it. After all, he was merely saying aloud what we have long felt.
Indeed, I suspect that our jesa family protocol will change even in my lifetime. Once my 96-year-old mother-in-law no longer oversees the ceremonies, I plan to make some changes. While the tradition will survive, I hope it does so in a more reasonable form. Once ultimate responsibility for this tradition falls fully to me, I’ll use the occasions as opportunities for valuable off-line family gatherings in this age of relentless online communication.
After all, in addition to honoring our ancestors, bringing one’s living family members together is also part of jesa.
Fascinating, thank you.Insights into spontaneous grieving vs culturally obligatory grieving, personal priorities vs familial duty.She says maybe ancient rites will be turned over to “for-hire ritualists.” H’mmmm….
What’s one of those, GM?
Wouldn’t know, Charles, but if the cap fits..
I guess some of us are trying to reverse a pattern, and encourage people not to use a “for hire ritualist” (i.e. people like me)but to do more of it themselves, using family and community resources – resources both emotional and physical. But we (and the local Rev) are not, of course, just “for hire.” It is a vocation, and it’s not a job for people who feel it isn’t. Nevertheless, in a literal sense, we are for hire. (And if we’re any good, it’s excellent value too!)
Very interesting. Whilst reading this I found myself hoping that the old traditions do not die out, and to me, even without a literal belief in hingry spirits that need feeding the ritual seems far from meaningless. But then again, its not me that’s expected to do it come what may…I wonder if other people’s rituals can seem more significant to those observing them from the outside…perhpas because we think about them more, or consider meanings and syncretisms rather than just doing them because ‘we do’? Or maybe its just me…I’ve never been much of a one for ‘because we do’.
Very interesting,
Thanks, Charles
That should be ‘hungry spirits’, obviously…unless I’ve just made a significant occult discovery!
I agree with you about not being one for ‘because we do’, Jenny. I’ve always veered towards ‘I don’t, precisely because you do.’
The rituals described here mean to me no more or less than do ones closer to home, which simply look more familiar. In fact, with all this talk of ‘new rituals’ on this blog, I’ve decided the word r****l is to be expelled from my vocabulary, at least till it stops getting above itself so.
We like to do a thing to death, here, Jonathan. In the spirit of the topic, you understand.
Okay Charles, point taken, but we don’t have to hang, draw and quarter the poor thing and drag it backwards through the town, screaming and with its heart still beating, do we?
Anything that is done, like, habitual
can be thought or talked of as a ritual;
so don’t bring innovation
to a new situation
just to force some one-size that will fit-you-all.
Do your verse, Jonathan, see if I care.
Seriously, I (confidentially; this is between us) am the same as you. Wherever two or three are gathered together, I’m off. I’m for continuous reinvention, everything a one-off. But I am struck how lots of folk (we are the minority, fess up) like to do things the way they’ve always been done. So I am very interested in views and age-old practices which support this and, in our slashed and burned culture, want to put some of it back.
Also, it gets quite hard, blogging day after day, and you’ve got to admit that this is an interesting piece of writing.
Thank you, all the same, for giving it a good kicking. As I love to repeat, Nature abhors a consensus.
I’ve found the posts and discussions about ritual pretty helpful actually, though I’ve certainly no wish to force “one size fits all” on to anyone.